上課心得

我覺得地理課，讓我了解到現在的生態環境面臨了很多各方面的危機。

在地理課吸收到很多知識及常識，讓我們更加的了解自己所居住的地球，以及我們生活週遭的許多事物。

雖然，常常會遇到很多問題，因為自己的英文程度並不是很好，但是藉由老師的上課方式，讓我們一段一段的翻譯，不僅讓我認識了更多的英文單字，也培養了自己上台的膽量。雖然上台還是會緊張，以及怕自己出錯。但是，我真的覺得比以前好很多。

因此，我覺得地理這門課，真的讓我受益良多 !!!

17 週 (關鍵字查詢)

aquatic life zones 水生生活區域

又稱為 " 生物群系水生等值 " 取決於在水生環境裡找到的有機體主要類型。 水生生活區域被分類成二個主要類型：鹽水或海洋（海洋和特殊他們伴隨的出海口、沿海沼澤地、海岸線、珊瑚礁和美洲紅樹沼澤）和淡水（湖、河和特殊內地沼澤地）。

16 週 (5-5)

Question:

What are the major ocean zones and how have we affected them ?

什麼是主要海洋區域，以及我們如何影響它?

Answer:

This comprehesive map is shows the tremendous impact man had on the marine environment , affecting 41% of the world’s ocean , no area remaining completely untouched. Presented Thursday at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , the map takes into account the impact 17 different activities have on the marine life , ranging from fishing and commercial shipping to pollution and climate change.

Photo credit : Ben Halpern / NCEAS
This global map shows cumulative human impact across 20 ocean ecosystem types. The map is color-coded to show very high impact (red) , high impact (dark orange) , medium high impact (light orange) , medium impact (yellow) , low impact (green) and very low impact (blue). 41% of the area has experienced medium high to very high impact , scientists say.

Among the highly impacted pieces of that delicate ecosystem are the coral reefs , continental shelves and the deep ocean. The biggest human impact was seen in the North Sea , the South and East China Seas , the Caribbean and North America’s East Coast. The areas that suffer the least , according to the map were largely near the poles.
" For the first time , we have produced a global map of all of these different activities , laid on top of each other , so that we can get the big picture of all the impacts humans are having , " Ben Halpern , the study’s lead author , told journalists Thursday. According to the team , oxygen levels had fallen to virtually nil , and they reported the " complete absence " of fish from rocky reefs. They said the zone’s degradation seemed to be accelerating.

Here is a more detailed look at four areas on the global map. They show , from left , the Eastern Caribbean ; the North Sea ; the waters around Japan ; and one of the world’s least-affected ocean regions , around northern Australia and the Torres Strait.

The group of scientists mentioned their assessment depended on " expert judgment , " and that the method resulted in " a different picture of ocean condition compared with simply mapping the footprints of human activities or drivers."

" Unfortunately , as polar ice sheets disappear with warming global climate and human activities spread into these areas , there is a great risk of rapid degradation of these relatively pristine ecosystems , " Carrie Kappel , a scientist at NCEAS , said in a news release.
NCEAS’ Halpern said the news wasn’t all bad.
" Small patches of these low-impact areas exist around the planet ," he said. " Almost every country has some of these in their backyard, providing real opportunities for effective management and conservation in these areas. "

Differences in average annual precipitation and temperature lead to the formation of tropical , temperate , and cold deserts , grasslands , forests , and largely determine their locations.

以下這些在說明...圖片為近日在American Association for the Advancement of Science會議上被提出它清楚地描繪出全世界海洋被人為影響的區域，約有41%的區域受到影響，也沒有一片區域是尚未被人們碰觸過的處女地，這張圖將17種人為活動納入統計，像是捕魚活動及污染等等．．．，而資料也顯示出人類也衝擊到20種生態系統。

每種顏色代表著各種不同程度的衝擊，顏色越紅當然則越嚴重。紅>深橘>橘>黃>綠>藍，超越中高程度的區域到達四成。許多生態區域像是珊瑚群大陸棚與深海都受到衝擊，最嚴重的區域分布在北海(大西洋北部) 、東南中國海、加勒比海與美國東部海岸、人類文明越是興盛處。

似乎顏色都比較深，這張圖告訴我們除了我們腳上踏上的土地需要好好愛護外，海洋的生態問題也必須付出同等的關懷。

參考資料 :

http://www.wretch.cc/blog/Linpy/21036693

15 週 ( 5-3 ~ 5-4 ) 5-4 第一小節翻譯

We live on water planet, with a precious film of water-most of it saltwater-covering about 71% of the earth's surface (figure5-19). Thus, a more accurate name for Eather would be Ocean.
我們在水行星居住，與薄薄的一層珍貴水層，它鹽水覆蓋物大約佔地球表面的71%（圖5-19）。 因此，海洋對於地球是一個更加準確的名字。

Although the global ocean is a single and continuous body of water, geographers divide it into four large arears separated by the continents: the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, and Indian Oceans. The largest is the Pacific, which contains more than half of the earth's water and covers one-third of the earth's surface.
雖然全球性海洋是唯一的連續水體，地理學者劃分它成大陸分離的四大區域 ： 大西洋，太平洋，北平洋和印度洋。 最大的是太平洋，比地球的一半包含更多的水和覆蓋三分之一的表面。

The aquatic equivalents of biomes are called aquatic life zones. The major types of organisms found in aquatic environments are determined by the water's salinity-the amounts of various salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in a given volume of water. As a result, aquatic life zones are classified into two major types: saltwater or marine (particularly oceans and their accompanying estuaries, coastal wetland, shorelines, coral reefs, and mangrove swamps) and freshwater (particularly lakes, rivers, and inland wetlands). Figure 5-20 shows the distrbution of the word's major oceans, coral reefs, mangroves, lakes, and rivers-another important part of the earth's natural capital.
生物群系水生等值稱水生生活區域。取決於在水生環境裡找到的有機體主要類型；水的鹽度是相當數量的各種鹽，例如氯化鈉（NaCl）被測量的容量在水中溶化了。 結果，水生生活區域被分類成二個主要類型：鹽水或海洋（海洋和特殊他們伴隨的出海口、沿海沼澤地、海岸線、珊瑚礁和美洲紅樹沼澤）和淡水（湖、河和特殊內地沼澤地）。（圖5-20）顯示地球的自然資本分布主要是海洋、珊瑚礁、美洲紅樹、湖和地球的河另一個重要部分。

圖5-19
海水佔71%
97 % 的水，和海洋互相連結
淡水佔地表的1% 以下

圖5-20
珊瑚礁、紅樹林被人類所破壞，漸漸的減少當中。

14 週 ( 5-2 )

Question:

How does climate affect the nature and location of biomes ?
氣候如何影響生物社會的地位和本質?

Answer:

Differences in average annual precipitation and temperature lead to the formation of tropical , temperate , and cold deserts , grasslands , forests , and largely determine their locations.
在平均每年降雨雪量和溫度上的區別導致熱帶、溫帶和冷沙漠、草原、森林的形成，主要確定他們的所在位置。